コプト語訳聖書のソースを表示

'''コプト語訳聖書'''は数多くあり、そのうちのいくつかは最古級の[[聖書翻訳]]である。いくつかの異なる[[バージョン]]が古代になされた。[[コプト語]]の4大[[方言]]、すなわち、[[ボハイラ方言]]（北部）、[[ファイユーム方言]]、[[サイード方言]]、[[アクミーム方言]]、そして[[オクシリンコス方言]]において異なる[[エディション]]がある。聖書本文は[[アレクサンドリア型]][[ギリシア語]]テクストを用いて翻訳された。

[[サイード方言]]は、前[[イスラム]]期において最も主要な方言であったが、[[11世紀]]以降、[[ボハイラ方言]]が台頭し、唯一用いられるようになった。

数多くのコプト語訳聖書の断片が残されている。聖書[[外典]]もかなりの数が残っている。その中でも最も重要なのは[[グノーシス]]文献の[[ナグ・ハマディ写本]]である。 コプト語は[[コプト教会]]の[[典礼言語]]として存続しており、聖書のコプト語版は、その信仰の中核をなしている。

== 旧約聖書 ==
旧約聖書のコプト語諸方言への翻訳は、自然、[[アレクサンドリア型]]ギリシア語版（[[七十人訳聖書]]）からなされた。そして、福音書や書簡と同時期に翻訳されたことは疑いの余地はない。コプト語版旧約聖書の断片はコプト語のすべての方言において残されている。<ref><span class="citation book">Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). </span></ref>

サイード方言では、聖書のいくつかの諸書が完全な形で残っている。かなりの数の第一正典および第二正典（２つの知恵の書、エレミヤの手紙、ダニエル書へのギリシア語による補足）がこの方言で残っている。
[[ファイル:Mudil_Psalter.jpg|right|thumb|ムディル詩篇、コプト語における最古かつ完全な詩篇（コプト博物館、エジプト、カイロ・コプト教徒地区）。]]
* ボドマーIII — ヨハネ福音書 1:1-21:25, 創世記 1:1-4:2; 紀元後4世紀; ボハイラ方言
* ボドマーVI — 箴言 1:1-21:4; 紀元後４または５世紀; 古テーベ方言 ("P方言")
* ボドマーXVI — 出エジプト記 1:1-15:21; 紀元後４世紀; 
* ボドマーXVIII — 申命記 1:1-10:7; 紀元後４世紀; 
* ボドマーXXI — ヨシュア記 6:16-25; 7:6-11:23; 22:1-2; 22:19-23:7; 23:15-24:2; 紀元後４世紀; 
* ボドマー XXII — エレミア書 40:3-52:34; 哀歌; エレミアの手紙; バルク書; 紀元後４または５世紀; 
* ボドマーXXIII — イザヤ書 47:1-66:24; 紀元後４世紀; 
* ボドマーXL — 雅歌
* ボドマーXLIV — ダニエル書; ボハイラ方言.<ref>''The Anchor Bible Dictionary'' (Doubleday 1992) Volume 1, 766-767</ref>
* シェーエン Ms 114 — 詩篇; サイード方言； 紀元後４００年頃.
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== New Testament ==
[[ファイル:Coptic_luke.jpg|right|thumb|306x306px|8th century Coptic manuscript of [[ルカによる福音書|Luke]] 5:5—9]]
[[ファイル:Coptictesttext.png|right|thumb|200x200px|John 1:1-4]]
The two main dialects, Sahidic and Bohairic, are the most important for the study of early versions of the New Testament. The Sahidic was the leading dialect in the pre-[[イスラム教|Islamic]] period. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century 
, but most texts come from the 9th century and later.

=== Sahidic ===
The collection of manuscripts of Sahidic translations is often designated by cop<sup>sa</sup> in academic writing and critical apparatus ("Sa" for "versio Sahidica" in BHS). The first translation into the Sahidic dialect was made at the end of the 2nd century in Upper Egypt, where Greek was less well understood. So the Sahidic is famous for being the first major literary development of the Coptic language, though literary work in the other dialects soon followed. By the ninth century, Sahidic was gradually replaced by neighbouring Bohairic, and disappeared. Knowledge of the Sahidic manuscripts was lost until they were rediscovered in the 18th century. In 1778 Woide issued a prospectus in which he announced his intention of publishing from Oxford manuscripts the fragments of the New Testament "iuxta interpretationem dialecti Superioris Aegypti, quae Thebaidica seu Sahidica appellantur".<ref><span class="citation book">Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). </span></ref> Another fragments were published in 1884 by Émile Amélineau.<ref>E. C. Amélineau, [https://archive.org/stream/recueildetravaux05masp#page/n117/mode/2up ''Fragments coptes du Nouveau Testament dans le dialecte thébain''], Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie, V (1884), pp. 105-139.</ref> Amélineau also edited other fragments in 1886-1888.<ref>ZÄS XXIV (1886), 41-56, 103-114; XXV (1887), 42-57, 100-110, 125-135; XXVI (1888), 96-105.</ref>

Several years later Horner produced a critical edition of the Sahidic New Testament over the period 1911–1924.<ref>George Horner, ''The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic'', 7 vols., (1911-1924; repr. </ref> Horner's edition containing almost every verse of the entire New Testament. The Sahidic translation is a representative of the [[アレクサンドリア型|Alexandrian text-type]].

The order of books: Gospels (John, Matthew, Mark, Luke), Pauline epistles (Hebrews between [[コリントの信徒への手紙二|2 Corinthians]] and [[ガラテヤの信徒への手紙|Galatians]]), Catholic epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.<ref name="Nestle135">Eberhard Nestle, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, p. 135.</ref>

Omitted verses: 

In Luke 4:17 it has textual variant ''and opened the book'' together with the Greek manuscripts [[アレクサンドリア写本|A]], B, L, W, Ξ, 33, 892, 1195, 1241, '''ℓ''' ''547'', syr<sup>s, h, pal</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>, against variant ''and unrolled the book'' supported by א, D<sup>c</sup>, K, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 28, 565, 700, 1009, 1010 and many other manuscripts.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), p. 114.</ref><ref>NA26, p. 164.</ref>

In Luke 16:19 the version reads: "There was a rich man, with the name N[in]eue, who clothed himself",<ref>Philip W. Comfort & David P. Barrett, ''The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts'' (Tyndale House Publishers: Wheaton 2001), p. 551.</ref> This reading has also Greek manuscript Papyrus 75 and two Greek minuscule manuscripts 36 and 37, have a scholion of uncertain date ευρον δε τινες και του πλουσιου εν τισιν αντιγραφοις τουνομα Νινευης λεγομενον.<ref>[[ブルース・メッツガー|Bruce M. Metzger]], ''The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations'', [[オックスフォード大学出版局|Clarendon Press]]: Oxford 1977, p. 136.</ref>

In John 10,7 it reads ο ποιμην (''shepherd'') for η θυρα (''door''). The reading is supported by <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup> and cop<sup>ac</sup>.<ref>NA26, p. 282</ref>

In Acts 27:37 it reads "seventy six" (as Codex Vaticanus) for "two hundred seventy six".<ref name="UBS524">UBS3, p. 524.</ref>

In 1 Corinthians 15:47 it reads δευτερος for δευτερος ανθρωπος (as cop<sup>bo</sup>).<ref name="UBS616">UBS3, p. 616.</ref>
; Some manuscripts
Some of the more notable manuscripts of the Sahidic are the following.
* '''The ''Crosby-Schøyen Codex''''' is a papyrus manuscript of 52 leaves (12x12 cm). It contains the complete text of [[ヨナ書|Book of Jonah]] and [[ペトロの手紙一|1 Peter]] (2 Maccabees 5:27-8:41, Melito of Sardis, ''Peri Pascha'' 47-105, unidentified ''Homily''). It is dated to the 3rd or 4th centuries and is held at the [[ミシシッピ大学|University of Mississippi]].<ref>William H. Willis, "The New Collections of Papyri at the University of Mississippi", ''Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Papyrology'', (Oslo, 1961), pp. 382-289.</ref> 
* '''British Library MS. Oriental 7594''' contains an unusual combination of books: Deuteronomy, Jonah, and Acts. It is dated paleographically to the late 3rd or early 4th century.<ref>Herbert Thompson, ''The New Biblical Texts in the Dialect of Upper Egypt, (London, 1912).''</ref> 
* '''Michigan MS. Inv 3992''', a papyrus codex, has 42 folios (14 by 15&nbsp;cm). It contains 1 Corinthians, Titus, and the Book of Psalms. It is dated to the 4th century. 
* '''Berlin MS. Or. 408''' and British Museum Or. 3518, being parts of the same original document. The Berlin portion contains the Book of Revelation, 1 John, and Philemon (in this order). It is dated to the 4th century.
* '''''Bodmer XIX''''' — Matthew 14:28-28:20; Romans 1:1-2:3; 4th or 5th century. 
* '''''Bodmer XLII''''' — 2 Corinthians; dialect unknown; Wolf-Peter Funk suggest Sahidic;<ref>James M. Robinson, [http://islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/Robinson-1990-mme5-Pachomian.PDF ''The Pachomian Monastic Librarry at the Chester Beatty Library and the Bibliothèque Bodmer'', in: ''Manuscripts of the Middle East'' 5 (1990-1991)], p. 40.</ref>

=== Bohairic ===
[[ファイル:Uncial_0177_r_Lk_1,59-73.jpg|thumb|Uncial 0177 with the text of Luke 1:59-73]]
The Bohairic (dialect of Lower Egypt) translation was made a little later, as the Greek language was more influential in lower (northern) Egypt. Probably, it was made in the beginning of the 3rd century. It was a very literal translation; many Greek words, and even some grammatical forms (e.g. syntactic construction μεν — δε) were incorporated to this translation. For this reason, the Bohairic translation is more helpful in the reconstruction of the early Greek text than any other ancient translation. It should also be noted that the Bohairic translation was influenced by several variables, including the other dialects, primarily Sahidic and Fayyumic. When the patriarchate moved from [[アレクサンドリア|Alexandria]] to [[カイロ|Cairo]] in the 11th century, Bohairic was the dominant language of the Coptic church. As the official dialect of the [[コプト正教会|Coptic Orthodox Church]], Bohairic seems to enjoy a strong relationship with mainly the other dialects, [[アラビア語エジプト方言|Egyptian Arabic]] and—as it was for several centuries—Greek. The text is mainly Alexandrian, somewhat influenced by the Western text-type. The Bohairic translation is designated by cop<sup>bo</sup>. 

The order of books: Gospels (John, Matthew, Mark, Luke), Pauline epistles (Hebrews between 2 Thess and 1 Tim), Catholic epistles, Acts, and Apocalypse.<ref name="Nestle134">Eberhard Nestle, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, p. 134.</ref> The Apocalypse is preserved in relatively few manuscripts.<ref>[[ブルース・メッツガー|Bruce M. Metzger]], ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 123.</ref>

Omitted verses: Matthew 17:21 (some mss); 18:11 (mss); 23:14 (mss); Mark 9:44.46; 11:26 (mss); 15:28 (mss); Luke 17:36; 22:43-44; John 5:4 (mss); 7:53-8:11 (mss); Acts 8:37; 15:34 (mss); 24:7; 28:29; Romans 16:24. 

It contains Matthew 12:47; Some manuscripts of the Bohairic version contains verses: 17: 21; 18:11; 23:14; Mark 11:26; 15:28; John 5:4; 7:53-8:11; Acts 15:34;

In Acts 27:37 it reads "one hundred seventy six" for "two hundred seventy six".<ref name="UBS524">UBS3, p. 524.</ref>
; Some manuscripts
The original {Old} Bohairic version is well represented by manuscripts. More than a hundred of manuscripts have survived. All have the last twelve verses of Mark. 
* The earliest surviving manuscript of the four Gospels is dated A.D. 889. It is not complete.
* ''Papyrus Bodmer III'' is the oldest manuscript of the Bohairic version.<ref>R. Kasser, ''Papyrus Bodmer III. ''</ref> It was discovered by John M. Bodmer of Geneva in Upper Egypt. It contains the Gospel of John, dated palaeographically to the 4th century. It contains 239 pages, but the first 22 are damaged.
* Huntington MS 17, bilingual Bohairic-Arabic, dated to 1174, the oldest manuscript with complete text of the four Gospels in Bohairic.
* Huntington MS 20, bilingual Bohairic-Greek, with complete text of the four Gospels.
* Oriental MS 424, bilingual Bohairic-Arabic, dated to 1308, with complete text of the Pauline epistles, Catholic epistles, and the Acts.
* Codex Marshall Or. 5.
The Bohairic version was employed by [[ジョン・ミル|Mill]] for his edition of 1707. It was first published in 1716 by Wilkins, who edited "Novum Testamentum Aegyptium vulgo Copticum". His edition was accompanied with a Latin translation.<ref>Eberhard Nestle, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, pp. 133-134.</ref> Horner produced a critical edition of the Bohairic New Testament in 1898-1905.<ref>George Horner, ''The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic'', 4 vols. (1898-1905; repr. </ref> Horner used more than fifty Bohairic manuscripts preserved in that time in the libraries of Europe.<ref name="Nestle134">Eberhard Nestle, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, p. 134.</ref>

=== Middle Egypt ===
[[ファイル:Codex_Glazier.JPG|right|thumb|280x280px|Codex Glazier, manuscript of Acts]]
The only survived witnesses of an Akhmimic, and an Fayyumic Versions are in a fragmentary pieces (designated by cop<sup>akh</sup>, and cop<sup>fay</sup>). 
* '''The ''Schøyen Codex''''', a papyrus manuscript. It contains Gospel of Matthew. Dated to the early 4th century. It is the earliest Matthew in any Coptic dialect.<ref>[http://www.schoyencollection.com/Coptic.htm The Schøyen Collection]</ref>
* '''''Codex Glazier''''', contains Acts 1:1-15:3, housed at the [[モルガン・ライブラリー|Pierpont Morgan Library]].<ref>Hans-Martin Schenke, ''Apostelgeschichte 1, 1 - 15, 3 Im Mittelaegyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen (Codex Glazier)'', TU 137, Berlin: Akademie Verlag 1991</ref>
* P. Mich. inv. 3521, Gospel of John in Fayyumic, ca. A.D. 325.

=== Textual features ===
Mark 8:15
: ''the Herodians'' — p<sup>45</sup>, W, Θ, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 28, 565, 1365, it<sup>i</sup>, it<sup>k</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>, arm, geo
: ''Herod'' — cop<sup>bo</sup> majority of Greek mss
In 1 John 5:6 two versions, Sahidic and Bohairic, have textual variant "through water and blood and spirit" supported by the manuscripts: [[シナイ写本|Codex Sinaiticus]], [[アレクサンドリア写本|Codex Alexandrinus]], 104, 424<sup>c</sup>, 614, 1739<sup>c</sup>, 2412, 2495, '''ℓ''' ''598''<sup>m</sup>, syr<sup>h</sup>, [[オリゲネス|Origen]].<ref>UBS3, p. 823.</ref><ref group="n">For another variants of this verse see: Textual variants in the First Epistle of John.</ref> Bart D. Ehrman identified this reading as Orthodox corrupt reading.<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, ''The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993, p. 60.</ref>

=== Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts ===
More than forty Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts of the New Testament have survived to the present day. 

Lectionaries 1993 and 1605 are trilingual manuscripts: 
* Lectionary 1993 – Coptic, Greek, and Arabic 
* Lectionary 1605 – Greek, Coptic, and Arabic

== See also ==
* Coptic (disambiguation)
* [[コプト語|Coptic language]]
* Coptic literature
* [[コプト正教会|Coptic Orthodox Church]]
; Coptic manuscripts
* List of the Coptic New Testament manuscripts
* Old Testament fragment (Naples, Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele III, I B 18)
; Other versions
* Syriac versions of the Bible
* Slavic translations of the Bible
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== 脚注 ==
{{Reflist|group = "n"}}

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:言語別聖書翻訳]]
[[Category:コプト正教会]]