ドルベアの法則のソースを表示

{{翻訳中途|1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolbear%27s_law&oldid=923565077 "Dolbear's law" 10:21, 29 October 2019] |date=2019年10月}}

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[[File:Snowytreecricket.JPG|thumb|The tree cricket ''Oecanthus fultoni'']]
'''Dolbear's law''' states the relationship between the air [[temperature]] and the rate at which [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]] chirp.
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<ref name=frings62/>
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[[File:Snowytreecricket.JPG|thumb|The tree cricket ''Oecanthus fultoni'']]
'''ドルベアの法則'''は、[[コオロギ科|コオロギ]]の鳴き声と気温の関係を示す。

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It was formulated by [[Amos Dolbear]] and published in 1897 in an article called "The Cricket as a Thermometer".
<ref name=dolbear>{{cite journal |last1=Dolbear |first1=Amos |year=1897 |title=The cricket as a thermometer |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=31 |issue=371 |pages=970–971 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Jqco0ttVn0gC&lpg=PA970&dq=%22The%20Cricket%20as%20a%20Thermometer%22&pg=PA970#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Cricket%20as%20a%20Thermometer%22&f=false|accessdate=27 November 2012 |doi=10.1086/276739}}
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[[エイマス・ドルベア]](Amos Dolbear)によって公式化され、1897年に"The Cricket as a Thermometer"(「温度計としてのコオロギ」)という記事で発表された。

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Dolbear's observations on the relation between chirp rate and temperature were preceded by an 1881 report by Margarette W. Brooks,
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According to Frings and Frings, this is: Margarette W. Brooks, "Influence of temperature on the chirp of the cricket", ''Popular Science Monthly'' 20 (1881), p. 268; citing "W.G.B.", a writer whom Brooks does not further identify. 
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although this paper went unnoticed until after Dolbear's publication.
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鳴き声と温度の関係に関する研究は、マーガレット・W・ブルックスによる1881年の論文が先行していたが、それが注目されるようになったのはドルベアの発表よりも後だった。

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Dolbear did not specify the species of cricket which he observed, although subsequent researchers assumed it to be the snowy tree cricket, "''Oecanthus niveus''".
<ref name=frings57>{{cite journal |last1=Frings |first1=Hubert |last2=Frings |first2=Mable |year=1957 |title=The effects of temperature on chirp-rate of male cone-headed grasshoppers, Neoconocephalus ensiger |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=411–425 |doi=10.1002/jez.1401340302 }}
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<ref name=frings62>{{cite journal |last1=Frings |first1=Hubert |last2=Frings |first2=Mable |year=1962 |title=Effects of temperature on the ordinary song of the common meadow grasshopper, Orchelimum vulgare (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology |volume=151 |issue=1 |pages=33–51 |doi=10.1002/jez.1401510104 }}
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However, the snowy tree cricket was misidentified as ''O. niveus'' in early reports and the correct scientific name for this species is ''[[Oecanthus fultoni]]''.
<ref name=walker62> {{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Thomas J. |year=1962 |title=The Taxonomy and Calling Songs of United States Tree Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecaiithinae). I. The Genus ''Neoxabea'' and the ''niveus'' and ''varicornis'' Groups of the Genus ''Oecanthus'' |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=303–322 |url=http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/Walker/buzz/s576lw62.pdf |accessdate=27 November 2012}}
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ドルベアは、観察したコオロギの種類を特定しなかったが、後の研究者はそれをsnowy tree cricket([[カンタン (昆虫) |カンタン]]の一種、学名:「''Oecanthus niveus''」)であると仮定した。


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The chirping of the more common [[field cricket]]s is not as reliably correlated to temperature—their chirping rate varies depending on other factors such as age and mating success.
In many cases, though, the Dolbear's formula is a close enough approximation for field crickets, too.
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より一般的なコオロギでは鳴き声と温度の間にそこまでの信頼できる相関関係はなく、鳴き声の速度は、年齢や交尾の成功などの他の要因によって異なる。

ただし、たいていの場合、普通のコオロギにとってもドルベアの公式は十分な近似式である。

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Dolbear expressed the relationship as the following formula which provides a way to estimate the temperature ''T<sub>F</sub>'' in degrees Fahrenheit from the number of chirps per minute ''N<sub>60</sub>'':
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ドルベアはコオロギが1分間に鳴いた数:''N<sub>60</sub>''から華氏温度:''T<sub>F</sub>''を推定する方法を次の公式で示した。

<math>T_F = 50 + \left ( \frac{N_{60}-40}{4} \right ).</math>

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This formula is accurate to within a degree or so when applied to the chirping of the [[field cricket]].
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この式はコオロギの鳴き声に適用した場合、ある程度正確である。

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Counting can be sped up by simplifying the formula and counting the number of chirps produced in 15 seconds (''<math>N_{15}</math>''):
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簡易式では15秒(''<math>N_{15}</math>'')の鳴き声を数える:

<math>\,T_F = 40 + N_{15}</math>

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Reformulated to give the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C), it is:
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公式を摂氏温度(°C)用に変換した式が以下である:

<math>T_C = 10 + \left ( \frac{N_{60}-40}{7} \right ).</math>

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A shortcut method for degrees Celsius is to count the number of chirps in 8 seconds (''<math>N_{8}</math>'') and add 5 (This is fairly accurate between 5 and 30°C):
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簡易式の場合は、8秒(''<math>N_{8}</math>'')の鳴き声を数えて5を加える（5〜30°Cにおいてこの式はかなり正確である）:

<math>\,T_C = 5 + N_{8}</math>

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The above formulae are expressed in terms of integers to make them easier to remember—they are not intended to be exact.
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なお、上記の公式では覚えやすいように整数が使われているが正確ではない。

==大衆文化==
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This formula was referenced in an episode (Season 3, Episode 2, "[[The Jiminy Conjecture]]") of the American TV sitcom ''[[List of The Big Bang Theory episodes#The Jiminy Conjecture|The Big Bang Theory]]'' (although Sheldon referred to Amos Dolbear as Emile Dolbear and gave the year of publication as 1890).
It is also referenced in two episodes ("[[Highs and Lows (QI episode)|Highs and Lows]]", "[[Jungles (QI episode)|Jungles]]") of the British comedy show [[QI]].
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この公式は、アメリカのテレビコメディ「[[ビッグバン★セオリー/ギークなボクらの恋愛法則]]」のエピソード(シーズン3 エピソード2 "The Jiminy Conjecture"(ジミニー予想)）で言及された。

（シェルドンはエイモス・ドルベアをエミール・ドルベアと呼び、出版年は1890年にされた）

また、英国のコメディショーQIの2つのエピソード("Highs and Lows"(最高と最低), "Jungles"(ジャングル))でも参照された。

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==See also==
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==関連項目==
*[[アレニウスの式]]

==Notes==
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==References==
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==脚註==
{{Reflist}}

==外部リンク==
* [https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Dolbear's+Law+-++in+degrees+Celsius Dolbear's law calculator]


[[Category:Empirical laws]]
[[Category:Zoosemiotics]]
[[Category:Crickets]]